This article examines recent developments in the relations between Rwanda and two of its neighbours with which it has had particularly complex relations in the past – the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. The first part of the article looks at Rwandan-Ugandan relations and, in particular, at relations between Paul Kegame and Yoweri Museveni, from their meeting and friendship to the first signs of a conflict that has so far been narrowly avoided. Next it looks in detail at the “cold war” between Rwanda and Uganda, from early 2001 to May 2005. The Rwandan involvement in Congo, which is well known and documented, is thoroughly analysed before the issue of a regional political order is discussed. Finally, the alarming situation in the Kivu region is taken up in the last section.