In the light of Article 1109 of the Civil Code, dol, like error and violence, appears to be a defect in consent. Such a classification is not insignificant. It presupposes that a number of conditions are met in order for the dol to be retained. Thus, it is necessary to show that the victim was deliberately misled by the perpetrator. More specifically, the injured party must furnish proof of a material element (manoeuvres stricto sensu,...