The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system (CNS). The number of cases of death by tumor in the CNS has been growing in Brazil. However, knowledge of the incidence of the mortality rate in the State of Piauí is still incipient. The aim of the study was to investigate the pattern of the mortality rate from tumors of the central nervous system in the State of Piauí, Brazil, between 1979 to 2018. The data on mortality in the CNS in the State of Piauí, between the years 1979 to 2018 was obtained in the database of the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System by the Mortality Information System. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the trend in the mortality rate. All analyzes were performed in the Computational and Statistical Environment R. Between 1979 to 2018 there was an increasing increase in the mortality rate of 0.13% in men and 0.11% in women. The mortality rate tends to increase over the years (R2 = 0.62; p <0.01), as observed by simple linear regression analysis. The cities with the highest mortality rate were Passagem Franca do Piauí, São Luís do Piauí, Barro Duro do Piauí and Angical do Piauí. Therefore, the study can provide subsidies for the formulation of measures to prevent this disease in places with a high mortality rate.