Emerging diseases currently represent 65% of recent major disease outbreaks. Of them, 75% are associated with wildlife. Recently, an increasing number of newly discovered viruses have been associated with small terrestrial mammals, particularly with rodents, pointing at this group as one of the most dangerous potential sources of emerging or re-emerging diseases. To meet these challenges for public health, a proper surveillance becomes necessary, which passes by detection of pathogens in human and risky groups of animals, including field investigations. Yet this can be achieved only by using proper techniques of samples treatment and pathogen detection. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the main tool used for the detection of pathogens in routine diagnostic and research. Yet, several researches showed that some substances can inhibit PCR, causing false-negative results. Therefore, we initiated a screening program targeting rodents for the presence of known and unidentified viruses. A total of 1441 rodents were trapped during field campaigns organized in Europe and Africa, between 2002 and 2011. At first we investigated on PCR inhibitors and discussed techniques of treatment of samples allowing reducing the influence of inhibitors in rodent samples. Among the extraction techniques tested, EZ1 virus mini kit and RNAnow extraction reagent were more effective than NucleoSpin virus kit or TRIzol extraction reagent. Also, the use of lungs and kidneys was preferable to the use of liver and spleen, the quantity of inhibitors being higher in the last two organs. No significant difference was observed between storage at -80°C, or in RNAlater RNA stabilization reagent.