In this article I sketch three key concepts of a cultural-historical theory of mathematics teaching and learning¿the theory of objectification. The concepts are: knowledge, knowing and learning. The philosophical underpinning of the theory revolves around the work of Georg W. F. Hegel and its further development in the philosophical works of K. Marx and the dialectic tradition (including Vygotsky and Leont¿ev). Knowledge, I argue, is movement. More specifically, knowledge is a historically and culturally codified fluid form of thinking and doing. Knowledge is pure possibility and can only acquire reality through activity¿the activity that mediates knowledge and knowing. The inherent mediated nature of knowing requires learning, which I theorize as social, sensuous and material processes of objectification. The ideas are illustrated through a detailed classroom example with 9- 1 0-year-old students.