This article presents an overview of the construction of identity in post-Soviet Tajikistan. The civil war that brought bloodshed to the country between 1992 and 1997 leads to a questioning of the very foundations of the political community in Tajikistan, those inherited from the Soviet period as much as those that successive governments have striven to (re)create and foster. What are the grounds of the national political and identity project? To what extent is it a factor for integration and effective cohesion in a multiethnic society characterized by identity localism and transnational identity referents and in which Islam figures as a key identity marker? This article addresses these questions by comparing the identity construct of authorities with the identity representations of citizens collected on the basis of personalized interviews and questionnaires.