Molecular imaging with biomarkers radiolabeled by positron emitters is commonly used in invasive breast cancers for initial staging or restaging, and for assessment of tumor response in neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. After general concepts of breast cancers and of the place of molecular imaging, results of studies I supervised and to which I contributed within the nuclear medicine team from Curie Institute - Saint-Cloud focused on molecular imaging in breast cancers are presented. These studies assessed the value of Positron Emission Tomography using FluoroDeoxyGlucose (FDG-PET) in recurrence suspected on tumor marker rising and in staging and assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in inflammatory breast cancers. Moreover our team has studied the prognostic value of tumor response to endocrine therapy by FDG-PET in metastatic breast cancers. The problem of early assessment of tumor response to NACT by molecular imaging has led me to study a transgenic mouse model with other biomarkers than FDG, namely FLuoroThymidine (FLT) and pertechnetate. Quantification tools of tumor burden have been developed and allowed assessment of tumor response to cytotoxic drugs during a longitudinal follow-up of this model, but several limitations of preclinical imaging were encountered. Results of clinical studies on early assessment of tumor response to NACT with FDG as a biomarker are exposed, with emphasis on the influence of the molecular subtype on parameters defining a metabolic response. State of the art and perspectives with FLT and FluoroEStradiol (FES), as biomarkers of proliferation and of estrogen receptors respectively, then imaging of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2), for both selection of patients to innovative therapies and prediction and assessment of tumor response to systemic therapies are discussed.