In Africa, the promotion of traditional pharmacopoeias is often a means of directing research towards new antimalarial drugs. Anti-malarial medicinal plants can be used as a basis for the formulation of improved traditional medicine (médicament traditionnel amélioré, MTA) or as a source of new antiplasmodial molecules. Based on a comprehensive literature search, 10 medicinal plants widely used in Mali for the treatment of malaria and liver disease (jaundice) were selected by a quantitative ethnopharmacology approach and evaluated in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum FcB1, leading to the selection of Terminalia macroptera (leaves and roots). Terminalia macroptera is a species widely used in Mali against malaria, fever, liver diseases (jaundice) and wound. In the context of the marketing of a Terminalia macroptera based MTA, a botanical monography has been carried out on previously cited plant organs in order to define pharmacopoeia standards for leaf and root powder in order to avoid falsification. An in vivo toxicological study and a pharmacological study in vivo (antiplasmodial, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities) were carried out. Ethanolic extract from leaves and roots demonstrated antiplasmodial properties in vivo on mouse models of simple malaria and severe malaria, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties on mouse models. A bioguided fractionation and a dereplication method were carried out on the active extracts in order to establish their chemical profile. These results support the validation of the traditional use of Terminalia macroptera in the treatment of malaria and liver disease, and may serve as a basis for the development of an improved traditional medicine in Mali.