The Rm||Cmax problem consists in allocating a set of tasks to m agents in order to minimize the makespan of the allocation, i.e. the execution time of all the tasks. This problem is known to be NP-hard as soon as the tasks are allocated to two or more agents (m ≥ 2). In addition, it is often assumed that the cost of a task is accurately estimated for an agent and that this cost does not change during the execution of tasks. In this thesis, I propose a decentralized and dynamic approach to improve the allocation of tasks. Thus, from an initial allocation and while they are executing tasks, collaborative agents initiate multiple auctions to reallocate the remaining tasks to be performed. These reallocations are socially rational, i.e. an agent agrees to take on a task initially allocated to another agent if the delegation of this task benefits to the entire system by decreasing the makespan. In addition, the dynamism of the process makes it possible to improve an allocation despite an inaccurate cost function and despite the variations of performance that can occur during the execution of tasks. This thesis provides a formal framework for multi-agent modeling and multi-agent resolution of a located tasks reallocation problem. In such a problem, the locality of the resources required to perform a task affects its cost for each agent of the system. From this framework, I present the interaction protocol used by the agents and I propose several strategies to ensure that the choices of agents have the greatest impact on the makespan of the current allocation. In the applicative context of this thesis, I propose to use this tasks reallocation process to improve the MapReduce design pattern. Widely used for the distributed processing of massive data, MapReduce has biases that the dynamic tasks reallocation process can help to counter. I implemented a distributed prototype that fits into the formal framework and implements the MapReduce design pattern. Thanks to this prototype, I am able to evaluate the effectiveness of the reallocation process and the impact of the different agent strategies.