at the outset was the dubitatio of both historian and the judge. What place did these usurpers vigorously denounced during the 18th century, at a time when growth slowed down? Wear and judeity seem to begin in the Middle Ages with a union that will go as far as amalgam, supporting the exclusion of Jews. Should we accept the medieval doxa denouncing Jewish wear? We had to understand how Jewish communities moved from the status of minorities historically...