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Sexual violence in times of war

Abstract

Sexual violence was forbidden by military codes of conduct and laws in all European states beginning in the seventeenth century. However, in spite of this ban, the scale on which it occurred in many conflicts cannot be explained solely by disobedience on the part of a few sexual criminals in uniform. Sexual violence emerged during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars as a way of terrorizing hostile populations. It was used widely during the nineteenth century in colonial conquests, despite being limited by the modernization of national armies. Its denunciation was repeatedly used to demonstrate the savagery of the enemy up through the First World War, in which the growing involvement of civilians heightened the use of sexual violence as well as its denunciation, including as an instrument of genocide. After 1945, it disappeared from wars on the continent but not at all from conflicts overseas, before reappearing in planned fashion during the Yugoslav Wars.

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