Issue Summer: http://archive-edutice.ccsd.cnrs.fr/edutice-00000875 the impact of the contribution of digital technologies is important and affects virtually all aspects of the education system. From this point of view, it is not reasonable to constantly oppose the “technique” to “pedagogy” in the organisation and in speeches and practices, as their interaction is strong. Separating them is in fact the application, even unconscious, of the principle of linearity, which leads to the idea that the technique merely adds to pedagogy, and of the principle of certainty which suggests that simple solutions can always be made to systems that are not. Of course, the added value of digital communication and information technologies in the complexity of the education system is ignored. It may also be to ignore the major scientific advances of this century, which are based on ideas that are fundamentally different from those of linearity and certainty.