The extractive conflicts not only affect the relations between companies in the sector and non-conforming citizens, but also the relations between these citizens and the State authorities. The article focus on this last relationship through the concept of social accountability, which refers to surveillance and supervision exercises that the governed exercise over the rulers, who are prone to a set of sanctions –with possible implications for their governments– in case they do not correspond to the call of the promoters of control. In this way, firstly the article traces the impact of the conflict around the mining project Conga –of the transnational Minera Yanacocha– in the recompositions of the actors and social groups of the province of Celendin, in Cajamarca, in the north of Peru. It seeks to identify the social dynamics that emerge with the mining conflict, as well as the demands and organizational resources that are positioned in the development of this disruptive scenario. Secondly, it discusses to what extent this social grouping not only facilitates contentious practices and pressure on the mining company, but also mechanisms of social accountability on the Mayor of Celendín, Mauro Arteaga, elected for the period 2011-2014. In this way, the article analyzes the control exercises and public agendas that the mobilized sectors try to impose on the Mayor, his reactions, as well as the political sanctioning devices that this social movement uses to assert their interests and demands according to the position adopted by the State authority. For this purpose, the research is based on fieldwork over the study area and interviews to the actors involved in the conflict.