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Thesis

French

ID: <

10670/1.reweo6

>

Where these data come from
Off-context expressions of tissu-specific genes in lung cancer

Abstract

Each human cell contains a genome carrying all the genetic information necessary for the constitution of the whole organism. However, differentiated cells express only a restricted repertoire of genes. The control of gene expressions is fundamental for the establishment and maintenance of cell identity. The first level of gene expression regulation, the transcriptional control, is based on the integrity of the gene sequence but also on its accessibility, itself dependent on a set of epigenetic mechanisms that control chromatin dynamics. In a pathological context, genetic and epigenetic alterations can lead to gene deregulations and altered cellular functions. During the bronchial carcinogenesis, lung cancer cells acquire a capacity of uncontrolled proliferation and an increased resistance to cell death. These phenotypic characteristics, favoring tumor growth, result from abnormalities that accumulate in the genome of cancer cells. These are somatic genetic alterations, from point mutations to large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, but also a global disruption of the epigenetic landscape – both leading to an identity crisis and to gene deregulations. While the phenomenon of aberrant gene repression (including repression of tumor suppressor genes) has been extensively studied, ectopic activation of normally silent genes remains poorly understood. Our hypothesis is that the “out of context” expression of tissue-specific genes not only could be involved in carcinogenesis, but could also be of high interest as tumor biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets. In this work, we focused on the prolactin-encoding PRL gene, normally mainly expressed in the pituitary gland and absent from non-tumor lung. We detected an ectopic PRL gene activation in 10% of lung tumors, mainly neuroendocrine tumors. We observed that PRL expression is associated with aggressive tumors and a poor prognosis for patients. We also found that the expression of PRL is associated with an increased resistance of lung cancer cells to a genotoxic stress. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that the oncogenic action of PRL expression is not based on the conventional mechanisms of prolactin action, and we did not confirm the initial hypothesis of a secretion by lung cancer cells of the prolactin hormone, and its action in an autocrine/paracrine loop within the tumor through the activation of the prolactin receptor. Indeed, the receptor is absent in lung cancer cells and the transcribed PRL mRNA is missing its first exons, possibly leading to the production of a truncated prolactin protein, without a functional signal peptide, therefore unable to follow the classical secretion pathway and retained inside the cancer cell. Although the detailed mechanisms of prolactin action in lung cancer remain to be deciphered, our study suggests that the ectopic expression of PRL could be used as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of aggressive lung tumors. This work, also including additional results on three testis-specific genes aberrantly expressed in lung tumors (BRDT, SOX30 and SPATA22) highlights the interest of studying ectopic gene expressions in tumor cells, which can provide new diagnosis and prognosis tools for clinicians as well as new targeted approaches that could be used in addition to conventional lung cancer therapies, which are presently insufficient to limit the high mortality due to lung neoplasms.

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