The events that took place in the Calchaqui valleys (Northwest Argentina) in the second half of the XVII century were refcrred and analysed by Ethno-archeology as “Tercer Levantamiento Calchaqui” ( The third rise of the Calchaquis), which was led by the Andalusian Pedro Bohórquez and the indigenous groups. We will focus on him and on his process of resistance against the colonial domination and the historical, social and political conditions that determined his decisions. We propose an anthropological analysis on the facts, taking into account the importance which those resistance struggles had for the people involved, and also, the value of the important figure Pedro Bohórquez. To do so, we will resume the document Relacion Historica de Calchaqui, written by the Jesuit missionary Hemando de Torreblanca, in 1969, which has already been analysed from a different historiographical point of view.