Public attention to VET policy and its media coverage has so far focused mainly on nationwide discussions on the situation in the training market and thus on dual training. It is often overlooked that the situation varies considerably from one country to another and that the Länder are not only responsible for the vocational school side of dual education, but have much more far-reaching responsibilities expressed in other country-specific VET activities. This includes, in particular, the full-skilled training in the school system, which, with its focus on health and care, education and social professions, provides training services to secure skilled workers in a growing and important part of society. However, the majority of pre-vocational measures in the transition sector are also the responsibility of the Länder, which take important steps to secure future skilled workers and promote training opportunities for young people and young adults. The 2019 Country Monitor provides data and analysis on vocational education and training at country level, which is compiled and interpreted under the guiding dimensions of economic performance and social equity of opportunity. For the dual system, it provides an in-depth analysis of the growing pass-through problems, the scale and causes of which will be defined for the first time. The results show an increasing untapped potential for training in recent years. This affects not only the performance of vocational training in terms of securing skilled workers. At the same time, young people’s chances of obtaining an apprenticeship and a qualification are reduced. However, the analyses show one thing: The specific problems vary considerably between and across countries. Across the board, it can be said that the majority of the growing pass-through problems are mainly professional and characteristic-related problems: For example, in many regions, job demands of abrupt candidates do not match the unfilled apprenticeships. However, young people’s requirements and companies’ requirements for candidates and young people’s perceptions of future training also seem to be less and less consistent. In addition to a nationwide perspective, this country monitor identifies the regions more precisely in this regard and identifies the need for action in the field of education policy. The country monitor also shows: Apprenticeships in the school system have undergone a massive structural change in all countries in recent years. As a result, the school system in the Länder specialises in health, education and social occupations, sometimes more or less. However, as the data also show, this transformation alone, i.e. without a significant increase in the overall training performance, is not almost sufficient to meet current and expected skills needs. As regards the preparation of careers in the transition sector, efforts have been made in most countries to reduce the diversity of measures, to ensure transparency and to improve coordination between the various measures in order to ensure seamless connections to vocational training. Here too, there are significant differences in the implementation of measures between countries. The analyses show across the board that economic and social contexts and the design role of VET policies lead to very different outcomes in terms of performance and equity of VET across countries.