for several centuries, the Bilād al-Šām was the scene of numerous military dispatches which brought about profound changes in the geopolitical balance of the region. From the end of the 20th century, the Levant countries faced two types of attackers: the crossroads, who took over Jerusalem in 1099, then the Mongols of Iran who invaded Syria-Palestine in 1260. Throughout this period, political power and indigenous peoples took hold...