Health economic evaluation is a method for evaluating the value for money of medical technologies by comparing alternative options in terms of their costs and consequences. This method is frequently used to inform decision makers about how to allocate scarce resources. Economic evaluation has become increasingly important nowadays, with the increasing health care expenditures, the rapid introduction of new medical technologies, and the extending role of economic evaluations in health care decision making. Osteoporosis becomes an increasingly major health problem around the world. It is a disease characterized by low bone mass with microarchitectural disruption and increased skeletal fragility, leading to increased fracture risk. Osteoporotic fractures result in significant morbidity and mortality, and impose a huge financial burden on health care systems. Financial resources are used to prevent, diagnose and treat osteoporosis. These resources must be allocated in an efficient manner. The general purpose of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the economic evaluation of osteoporosis management. More specifically, this thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is devoted to the development and the validation of a new Markov microsimulation model. This modelling approach accurately encompasses the complexity of osteoporosis, increasing the reliability of the results. The second part estimates the cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis screening strategies and provides recommendations for their implementation. The third part estimates the cost-effectiveness of new anti-osteoporotic therapies (strontium ranelate and denosumab). It is important to assess whether new drugs represent a good value for money compared to the relevant alternatives. Finally, the last part of the thesis investigates the clinical and economic implications of non-adherence to osteoporosis medications. This thesis provides new information on the cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis management, which may be useful to inform decisions makers about resources allocation for patients with osteoporosis. The results may also be used to raise awareness among public health authorities, the medical profession and the general population regarding the burden of osteoporosis, the importance of screening and adequate follow-up, as well as to the role of economic evaluation in health care decision making.