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French
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Abstract
Racism as well as anti-racism are based on a variety of arguments. Whether they are supporters of a hierarchy of ‘breeds’, such as Aristote, Kant, Renan or Hitler, or supporters of the uniqueness of the human ‘race’, from Montaigne to Derrida, Leibniz, Darwin or Lévi-Strauss, in each camp the speeches are diverse. This critical anthology presents the philosophy of 60 authors and texts extracted from around 100 of their works, from antiquity to the present day. Because it shows the multiplicity of racist ideologies and theories that contradict them, as well as their anchoring in systems of thought, this book is a key instrument of understanding that includes biology, psychanalysis, anthropology, political thinking, and philosophy as such. Certain subsidiaries can be found: from Saint Bernard to Maurras or from Descartes and Leibniz to Chomsky. Some authors are surprised: Freud, for example, for whom racial hatred works as a cement of the racist community, or Foucault, who highlights the proximity between Nazi and communist ‘state racisms’. A key book analysing naïve racism with François Bernier — the first to propose a division of the earth by skin colour in the 17th century — mounois with Stalin, cynic with Alexis Carrel or appalling with Hitler. Thus, in the 21st century, when war of classes, religions and races combined with extreme violence, this book was an invitation to use the reason against the flerer of those who wanted to deny the humanity of certain men.