Canett-Romero, R., Arvayo-Mata, K. L., & Ruvalcaba-Garfias, N. V. (2014). ASPECTOS TÓXICOS MÁS RELEVANTES DE Moringa oleífera Y SUS POSIBLES DAÑOS. BIOtecnia, 16(2), 36. doi:10.18633/bt.v16i2.45

[EN] Moringa oleifera is originally a tropical crop with a fast development, little known in developed countries but cultivated since ancient times. It can adapt to regions affected by climate change, such as the Mediterranean basin, since it is a crop with a great resistance to high temperatures. In this study an in-depth bibliographical review was carried out by consulting different databases (Science Direct, FSTA, Scielo, Riunet, and Google Scholar) in order to find published scientific studies on the characteristics of this crop and its agronomic requirements. According to the information found, all parts of the Moringa oleifera, namely the leaves, pods, seeds, roots and flowers, can be used in different industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human food, animal feed, and water treatment since they have a nutritional profile rich in high biological value proteins, vitamins A and C, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and minerals: calcium, iron, potassium, and phosphorous. This research was funded by the project "New Crops Addressing Climate Change: Moringa and Stevia" (Ref. AGCOOP_A/2018/026 AVFGA-Generalitat Valenciana, Spain). Trigo, C.; Castelló Gómez, ML.; Ortolá Ortolá, MD.; García-Mares, F.; Soriano Soto, MD. (2021). Moringa oleifera: An Unknown Crop in Developed Countries with Great Potential for Industry and Adapted to Climate Change. Foods. 10(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010031 Vaknin, Y., & Mishal, A. (2017). The potential of the tropical «miracle tree» Moringa oleifera and its desert relative Moringa peregrina as edible seed-oil and protein crops under Mediterranean conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 225, 431-437. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.07.039 Singh, A. K., Rana, H. K., Tshabalala, T., Kumar, R., Gupta, A., Ndhlala, A. R., & Pandey, A. K. (2020). Phytochemical, nutraceutical and pharmacological attributes of a functional crop Moringa oleifera Lam: An overview. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 209-220. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.017 Zainab, B., Ayaz, Z., Alwahibi, M. S., Khan, S., Rizwana, H., Soliman, D. W., … Mehmood Abbasi, A. (2020). In-silico elucidation of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals against diabetes mellitus. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(9), 2299-2307. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.002 Němec, P., Ungrová, M., Alem, S., Novák, J., & Habrová, H. (2020). Biomass production of a young plantation of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. and Moringa oleifera Lam. in southern Ethiopia. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 463-470. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.018 Bancessi, A., Bancessi, Q., Baldé, A., & Catarino, L. (2020). Present and potential uses of Moringa oleifera as a multipurpose plant in Guinea-Bissau. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 206-208. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.013 Solidaridad. Moringa Trees against Climate Changehttps://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/news/Moringa-trees-against-climate-change Addressing Climate Change and Food Security with the Moringa Treehttps://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/addressing-climate-change-and-food-security-Moringa-tree Daba, M. (2016). Miracle Tree: A Review on Multi-purposes of Moringa oleifera and Its Implication for Climate Change Mitigation. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 7(8). doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000366 Manuwa, S. I., Sedara, A. M., & Tola, F. A. (2020). Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of moringa (oleifera) dried leaves pulverizer. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 100034. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100034 Dev, S. R. S., Geetha, P., Orsat, V., Gariépy, Y., & Raghavan, G. S. V. (2011). Effects of Microwave-Assisted Hot Air Drying and Conventional Hot Air Drying on the Drying Kinetics, Color, Rehydration, and Volatiles ofMoringa oleifera. Drying Technology, 29(12), 1452-1458. doi:10.1080/07373937.2011.587926 (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(1), 1-20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385 Masih, L. P., Singh, S., Elamathi, S., Anandhi, P., & Abraham, T. (2019). Moringa: A multipurpose potential crop – A review. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. doi:10.16943/ptinsa/2019/49653 NOUMAN, W., BASRA, S. M. A., SIDDIQUI, M. T., YASMEEN, A., GULL, T., & ALCAYDE, M. A. C. (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: a review. TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, 38, 1-14. doi:10.3906/tar-1211-66 Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wei, X., Gao, Z., & Han, J. (2018). Values, properties and utility of different parts of Moringa oleifera: An overview. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 10(4), 371-378. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2018.09.002 Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., & Gilani, A. H. (2006). Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytotherapy Research, 21(1), 17-25. doi:10.1002/ptr.2023 Taher, M. A., Nyeem, M. A. B., Ahammed, M. M., Hossain, M. M., & Islam, M. N. (2017). Moringa oleifera (Shajna): the wonderful indigenous medicinal plant. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(1), 20-30. doi:10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32032 Oyeyinka, A. T., & Oyeyinka, S. A. (2018). Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(2), 127-136. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2016.02.002 Pontual, E. V., Carvalho, B. E. A., Bezerra, R. S., Coelho, L. C. B. B., Napoleão, T. H., & Paiva, P. M. G. (2012). Caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities from Moringa oleifera flowers. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1848-1854. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.087 Falowo, A. B., Mukumbo, F. E., Idamokoro, E. M., Lorenzo, J. M., Afolayan, A. J., & Muchenje, V. (2018). Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review. Food Research International, 106, 317-334. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.079 S, G. Z., S, E., A, A. T., & A, K. (2015). Moringa oleifera: An underutilized tree in Nigeria with amazing versatility: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 9(9), 456-461. doi:10.5897/ajfs2015.1346 Saa, R. W., Fombang, E. N., Ndjantou, E. B., & Njintang, N. Y. (2019). Treatments and uses of Moringa oleifera seeds in human nutrition: A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(6), 1911-1919. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1057 Raman, J. K., Alves, C. M., & Gnansounou, E. (2018). A review on moringa tree and vetiver grass – Potential biorefinery feedstocks. Bioresource Technology, 249, 1044-1051. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.094 Fernandes, D. M., Sousa, R. M. F., de Oliveira, A., Morais, S. A. L., Richter, E. M., & Muñoz, R. A. A. (2015). Moringa oleifera : A potential source for production of biodiesel and antioxidant additives. Fuel, 146, 75-80. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.081 Gopalakrishnan, L., Doriya, K., & Kumar, D. S. (2016). Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(2), 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001 Dhakar, R., Pooniya, B., Gupta, M., Maurya, S., Bairwa, N., & Sanwarmal. (2011). Moringa : The herbal gold to combat malnutrition. Chronicles of Young Scientists, 2(3), 119. doi:10.4103/2229-5186.90887 Brilhante, R. S. N., Sales, J. A., Pereira, V. S., Castelo-Branco, D. de S. C. M., Cordeiro, R. de A., de Souza Sampaio, C. M., … Rocha, M. F. G. (2017). Research advances on the multiple uses of Moringa oleifera : A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(7), 621-630. doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002 Babiker, E. E., Juhaimi, F. A. L., Ghafoor, K., & Abdoun, K. A. (2017). Comparative study on feeding value of Moringa leaves as a partial replacement for alfalfa hay in ewes and goats. Livestock Science, 195, 21-26. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.010 Stohs, S. J., & Hartman, M. J. (2015). Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytotherapy Research, 29(6), 796-804. doi:10.1002/ptr.5325 Nama, K. S. (2015). Moringa oleifera Lam. – Sanjana (Horseradish Tree) – A Miracle food plant with multipurpose uses in Rajasthan-India-An overview. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 3(6), 237-248. doi:10.18782/2320-7051.2169 Busani, M., Patrick, J. M., Arnold, H., & Voster, M. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(60), 12925-12933. doi:10.5897/ajb10.1599 Hayes, K. (2002). Dietary fat and heart health: in search of the ideal fat. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11, S394-S400. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.7.13.x Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 9(1), 345-381. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850 Umar, S., Mohammed, Z., Nuhu, A., Musa, K., & Tanko, Y. (2018). Evaluation of Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Root in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(8), 401-408. doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v2i8.6 Batool, S., Khan, S., Basra, S. M., Hussain, M., Saddiq, M. S., Iqbal, S., … Hafeez, M. B. (2019). Impact of Natural and Synthetic Plant Stimulants on Moringa Seedlings Grown under Low-Temperature Conditions. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 76, 50-59. doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.76.50 Cáceres, A., Saravia, A., Rizzo, S., Zabala, L., De Leon, E., & Nave, F. (1992). Pharmacologie properties of Moringa oleifera. 2: Screening for antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and diuretic activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 36(3), 233-237. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90049-w Pal, S. K., Mukherjee, P. K., & Saha, B. P. (1995). Studies on the antiulcer activity ofMoringa oleifera leaf extract on gastric ulcer models in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 9(6), 463-465. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090618 Adouko, S. J., Soha, S. S. A., Ohouko, O. H. F., & Dougnon, T. J. (2020). Review on biological and immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera in animal and human nutrition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 12(1), 1-9. doi:10.5897/jpp2019.0551

Olson, M. E. O., & Fahey, J. W. (2011). Moringa oleifera: un árbol multiusos para las zonas tropicales seca. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82(4). doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.4.678 Siembra del Cultivo de Moringa (Moringa oleífera) en la Pampa de Villacurí, Departamento de Ica 2018http://190.119.243.88/bitstream/handle/UNALM/3223/F01-C44-T.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y Moringa oleífera: Árbol Multiusos de Interés Forestal Para el sur de la Península Ibérica 2016. Fichas de Transferencia Cajamarhttps://www.cajamar.es/pdf/bd/agroalimentario/innovacion/investigacion/documentos-y-programas/020-Moringa-v3-1476963334.pdf Xingú López, A., González Huerta, A., De La Cruz Torres, E., Sangerman Jarquín, D. M., Orozco de Rosas, G., & Rubí Arriaga, M. (2017). Chía (Salvia hispanica L.), situación actual y tendencias futuras. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 8(7), 1619-1631. doi:10.29312/remexca.v8i7.516 García Gabarra, A., Castellà Soley, M., & Calleja Fernández, A. (2017). Ingestas de energía y nutrientes recomendadas en la Unión Europea: 2008-2016. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 34(2), 490. doi:10.20960/nh.937 Villanueva Flores, R. M. (2019). Fibra dietaria: una alternativa para la alimentación. Ingeniería Industrial, (037), 229-242. doi:10.26439/ing.ind2019.n037.4550

Olson, M.E.O., Part-Fahey, J. W. (2011). Moringa oleifera: a multipurpose tree for dry tropical areas. Mexican magazine for Biodiversity, 82 (4). doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.4.678 Sembrina del Cultivo de Moringa (Moringa oleifera) in Pampa de Villacurí, Department of Ica 2018http://190.119.243.88/bitstream/handle/UNALM/3223/F01-C44-T.pdf? sequence = 4, isAllowed = and Moringa olefera: Multipurpose tree of forest interest for the south of the Iberian Peninsula 2016. Transfer sheets Cajamarhttps:// www.cajamar.es/pdf/bd/agroalimentario/innovacion/investigacion/documentos-y-programas/020-Moringa-v3-1476963334.pdf Xingú López, A., González Huerta, A., De La Cruz Torres, E., Sangerman Jarquín, D. M., Orozco de Rosas, G., G. Rubí Arriaga, M. (2017). Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), current situation and future trends. Mexican magazine for agricultural sciences, 8 (7), 1619-1631. doi:10.29312/remexca.v8i7.516 García Gabarra, A., Castellà Soley, M., Ms Calleja Fernández, A. (2017). Recommended energy and nutrient intakes in the European Union: 2008-2016. Hospitalaria Nutrition, 34 (2), 490. doi:10.20960/nh.937 Villanueva Flores, R. M. (2019). Dietaria fibre: an alternative for feeding. Industrial Engineering, (037), 229-242. doi:10.26439/ing.ind2019.n037.4550

Moringa oleifera: An Unknown Crop in Developed Countries with Great Potential for Industry and Adapted to Climate Change

Abstract