[EN] Heavy alcohol intake during a short period of time, also known as binge drinking, has been proved to produce negative effects on the individual's central nervous system by activating an inflammatory response that can lead to neuronal death and structural and behavioral alterations. This response is produced by glial cells, the main component of the neuroimmune system, through the activation of TLR4, a transmembrane receptor of the TLR family. When TLR4 binds to its ligand and dimerizes, it triggers a signaling cascade that ends up with the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus, acting as a transcription factor, where it promotes the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to the extracellular milieu. Among the mechanisms responsible for the transmission and amplification of this neuroinflammatory response, one candidate could be a kind of extracellular vesicles (VEs) called exosomes. Exosomes are microparticles of 30-150 nm in size, with a bioactive content, composed mostly by proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which play an important role in intercellular communication. Therefore, the hypothesis of this thesis is that VEs play an important role in the transmission of the neuroinflammatory response caused by ethanol binge drinking. Using VEs from primary cultures of astrocytes, we show that ethanol is able to induce a higher secretion of VEs and alters their composition of inflammatory related protein and microRNAs (miARNs). Furthermore, incubation of these VEs in primary cultures of neurons lead to the development of inflammatory protein and gene markers, and higher apoptosis levels. Exosomal release has been shown to be partly regulated by a family of enzymes called sphingomyelinases, since inhibition of these enzymes resulted in a reduction of secreted VEs. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that ethanol is able to activate sphingomyelinases, but the mechanism involved in the process is currently unknown. We propose membrane-associated mitochondria (MAM), along with sphingomyelinases, as the responsible for the increased VEs release after ethanol intake. We show that ethanol is capable of increasing phospholipid transfer activity, a marker of MAM activity. Moreover, MAM and sphingomyelinase inhibition resulted in depleted VEs secretion. These results suggest that ethanol promotes increased release of VEs by activating sphingomyelinase enzymes through MAM. VEs display certain biological characteristics, like the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or their high stability in serum, which make them good candidates for biomarkers of pathological situations. One of the elements present in VEs that has recently been used as a biomarker in various studies are miARNs, which are short-chain non-coding RNA molecules involved in gene regulation. It has been described that differential expression patterns of miARNs in circulating VEs can be detected in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or others, when compared to healthy patients. In this study we demonstrate that ethanol is able to alter the inflammatory-related miARNs expression patterns in circulating VEs of young people with acute alcohol intoxication (IEA). Notably, the alterations in miARNs are dependent on the patient's gender, being women/females more affected by alcohol than men/males, since women/females showed lower presence of anti-inflammatory miARNs and a higher expression of inflammatory markers in brain tissue than men/males. TESIS