Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter regulating several basic functions of the body: thermoregulation, sexual and food behavior, the sleep-wake cycle, perception of pain, anxiety, motor control, but is best known for control of mood. The lack of serotonin in the central nervous system is associated with mental illness. These diseases are depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. A detection tool of serotonin and its precursors would allow us to study the mechanism of various diseases involving an imbalance of this neurotransmitter. In the central nervous system, the biosynthesis of serotonin occurs in specific neurons of the brainstem. Serotonin, like its precursor tryptophan (Trp), is highly fluorescent in comparison to other endogenous molecules. Multiphoton fluorescence excitation has been used in this project to detect serotonin without exogenous labels. This fluorescence imaging technique provides a good specificity as well as optical sectioning for imaging in cells and tissues. Different excitation processes (two- and three-photon) under different conditions (fixed cells or not) were explored to optimize the detection of autofluorescence of serotonin. We therefore first developed an imaging system capable of detecting the fluorescence of molecules involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin, excluding tryptophan. We are able to detect these isolated species in solution at concentrations near a millimolar. The method was tested in two models containing serotonin (cells and slices). The measurements have shown a lack of specificity and sensitivity when used in systems more complex than simple solutions. This lack of specificity and sensitivity is discussed with possible improvements for future project including the use of other models with better control of serotonin concentrations, of other more advanced optical techniques such as fluorescence lifetime imaging.