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Thesis

French

ID: <

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27338

>

Where these data come from
Impact of glutaminergic excitotoxity on amyloid pathology and the role of different blood monocytes subtypes in this process

Abstract

A large number of processes are responsible for the proper functioning of living organisms. These are provided among others by mechanisms for self defence, cleaning and regulation in order to maintain the environment stable. When one or more of these mechanisms are lacking, some clinical pathology can occurs. This is the case of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the major cause of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and/or the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. The amyloid pathology hypothesis is by far the most talked about in scientific literature trying to explain AD and presumed it to be caused by a defective elimination of this neurotoxic peptide. Another substantial player for disease progression is glutamate excitotoxicity, defined as over excitation of neuronal receptor. Being exarcebated by Aβ, excitotoxicity causes a part of the neurodegeneration. The interplay of these two phenomena might contribute to cognitive deficits in AD, such as memory loss, emotional failures and behavioural disorders. The study presented in this memoir investigates the effects of neuronal death following an excitotoxic insult the progression of the illness, focusing on cognitive and motor deficits, the progression of the amyloid pathology as well as the immune cells functions (microglia and monocyte). Kainic acid (KA), a conformational analog of glutamate, was unilaterally injected in the striatum of wild type or transgenic AD mice (APP/PS1) overproducing Aβ. The injections caused a general deterioration of the health of the mice as well as behavioural and cognitive deficits that were exacerbated in APP/PS1 mice compared to their control. We observed a decrease in the total number of monocytes in AD mice, leading to an increase of the number of Aβ plaques and soluble Aβ in KA-lesioned APP/PS1 mice compared to their sham. Consistently with the decrease of microglia, a smaller number of immune cells was associated with the plaques. Taken together, these results suggest that excitotoxic insult in an AD mouse model triggers an acceleration of the disease with the behavioural and cognitive impairments as well as an increment in the levels of the toxic protein Aβ. Likely, these is due to the impact of the excitotoxin on the immune system and in particular on the decreased levels of microglial cells as well as monocytes Thus, the clearance of Aβ seems affected by dying neurones resulting in the worsening of the amyloid pathology.

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