Rare earth elements (REE) are important to the development of modern technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles. However, their commercial production requires numerous steps ofmineral and hydrometallurgical processing, which are both costly and poorly documented owing inpart to trade secrets. Given that no REE mine or metallurgical complex currently operates in Canada and that the cost to initiate such production is in the order of a billion dollars, establishing reliable performance indicators (recoveries) and robust process models is critical. Furthermore, the REE concentrates produced by mineral processing contain multiple REE minerals and various gangue minerals capable of negatively affecting the hydrometallurgical operations required for REEextraction, an aspect rarely covered in the literature. The analysis of process economics as well as the management of radionuclides, both crucial to the establishment of a viable, sustainable and socially acceptable REE value chain, are also typically absent from papers discussing the extraction and processing of REE.The first objective of this Ph. D. thesis is to test a process sequence including mineral flotation,followed by a caustic treatment (CT) and a HCl leach (HCLL) to produce a REE solution. Laboratory mineral processing and hydrometallurgical tests were conducted on a concentrate generated from Ashram Deposit (northern Quebec) material (bastnaesite and monazite) to identify an alternative tothe conventional acid baking (AB) method.To produce a concentrate for hydrometallurgical testing, the developed flotation process utilizes ahydroxamic acid-based collector and selectively recovers all REE minerals following a first-orderrate. Tests show an increase from 2.6 % rare earth oxides (REO) in the feed to 13.2 % REO in therougher concentrate. According to simulation studies, four cleaner flotation steps would allow the production of a concentrate made up of 90 % REE minerals (> 60 % REO) at a combined recoveryof 70 %.The flotation concentrate was submitted to CT-HCLL tests and the collected data were processed using a hydrometallurgical data reconciliation method to improve the reliability of the yield estimates.In addition to generating coherent (inputs = outputs) mass balances for eight elements simultaneously, Monte-Carlo simulations show a reduction by a factor of 3 to 10 in the standard deviation of the elemental yields in solution The rate of transformation of REE minerals into hydroxides during the CT can be modeled using ashrinking core model, with diffusion through the reacted hydroxide layer being the rate-limiting step. Fluorite is the most problematic mineral during the CT-HCLL process due to its ability to formin soluble REE fluorides. The highest lanthanum yield achieved using an HCLL pH of 3 is 82 %.Other REE present lower yields, with Ce oxidation to the tetravalent state posing solubility issues.Lastly, an economic analysis of various REE mineral upgrading scenarios demonstrates that a highgrade concentrate (> 60 % REO) is desirable for hydrometallurgical processing, despite, the lower REE recovery and output. The reduction of costs such as that of HCl used for carbonate pre-leaching,generates 21 M -y in additional profits for a project such as the Ashram Deposit and justifies the inclusion of a cleaner flotation circuit in a mill design. Operating costs for the CT-HCLL process are estimated at 820-t of concentrate, compared to 410-t for the AB approach. Although AB is more attractive from an economic standpoint, environmental and operational considerations, as well as REE recoveries must be factored in when choosing the REE extraction method. Like other REE projects, both approaches will result in the production of a Th-232 rich product. This residue will be classified as radioactive and, to protect the public, the environment and the REE facility workers, willneed to be managed using dedicated tailings storage facilities which comprise leachate retention and treatment.