Muslim populations in Belgium had not been the subject of a comprehensive study for more than a decade. This volume addresses the issue of identities and affiliations, based on attitudes towards religious practices in the public sphere, but also on processes such as conversions (to or in Islam) or citizens’ commitments. It also looks at so-called reformist tendencies, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Nurçu and Fetullah Gülen movements, of Turkish origin, as well as the heirs in Salafist circles. Finally, these studies examine the relationship between Muslims and the global society, in particular through political participation, the public management of worship and the specific integration of family law. These multiple fields are crossed by a variety of background dynamics that animate and complicate ways of being Muslim in Belgium. It is important to grasp the new challenges in order to identify future perspectives. This is precisely what the initial framing of this book allows, without ignoring existing literature, which seeks to overcome certain shortcomings and make it possible to go further in the understanding of the exciting, interactive and open laboratory embodied by these already long, but still little known, presence of Islam in Belgium.