Xuzhou, as a mining city in China, has been experiencing 130 years of coal mining and processing. To explore the spatial distribution characteristics and pollution status of soil heavy metals (Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Zn, and Pb) under different land-use types, a total of 2697 topsoil samples were collected in all of the areas (except for water) of Xuzhou in 2016. Overall, the mean concentrations of Cr (70.266 mg/kg), Cd (0.141 mg/kg), As (10.375 mg/kg), Hg (0.036 mg/kg), Zn (64.788 mg/kg), and Pb (24.84 mg/kg) in Xuzhou soils were lower than the environmental quality standard for soils (GB15618-1995). However, the mean concentrations of Cr, Hg, and Pb exceeded their corresponding background values, with the mean concentration of Hg being almost three times its background value. For different land-use types, the highest mean concentration of Cr was concentrated in grassland soils. The mean concentrations of Cd, As, Zn, and Pb in mining area soils were higher than those in the other soils. The mean concentration of Hg was the highest in the built-up area soils. Based on the potential ecological risk assessment, the forestland, garden land, grassland, and others were at low and moderate risk levels, the farmland and mining area were at low, moderate, and high risk levels, and the built-up area was at various risk levels in Xuzhou. There was a significant positive correlation between Cr, Pb, and Hg concentrations and the corresponding organic carbon contents in the farmland, built-up area, garden land, forestland, and other soils ( p < 0.01 ). A high degree of correlation was found between Cr and Hg concentrations, as well as organic carbon contents in grassland soils, with values of p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 , respectively. An obvious correlation could be seen between Hg concentrations and organic carbon contents in mining area soils ( p < 0.01 ).