Based on international literature addressing the unequal gender distribution in Science and Technology (c and t), this article presents a review of dominant theoretical approaches focusing on the role of gender stereotypes in the choice of training and career paths. Faced with the great limitations of the biologistic approach, from an empirical and conceptual point of view, the perspectives organised around psychosocial and socio-cultural processes and the culture of science emphasise both the persistence of stereotypes and their fragility and permeability. The article shows that programmes to reduce the gender gap are marked by the prevailing theoretical perspectives, as well as the need to adopt comprehensive and innovative strategies in order to promote a system of c and t marked by equality, excellence and competitiveness.