This article analyses the logic of cimarronage and the formation of the Palenques as an expression of the resistance of black slaves against the neogranadino colonial system. The analysis focused temporarily on the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and spatially on the current Colombian Caribbean region, specifically the areas known as Bolívar Sabanero and the Momposina Depression. Through the combination of these temporal and geographical variables, the author can trace how black slaves were fleeing their classroom by using cymarronage dynamics, such as a search for social and territorial autonomy. This autonomy materialises through the construction of the Palenques in specific areas of the Colombian Caribbean, where they found what the colonial system did not provide to the population after that time. In this regard, this work presents some theoretical positions corresponding to the study of Afro-descendants during the colonial era in the targeted region. The analysis can help to strengthen Palenques’ territorial entities and a geographical area that enabled cimarrones to gain access to levels of social autonomy through their particular use and ownership of their native territory.