International audience This article explores differential fertility according to the level of education in the Mediterranean. Our approach integrates the spatial and temporal dimensions of the phenomenon. It explores subnational administrative levels in Morocco, Turkey, France and Spain for about 30 years. The national censuses allow us to observe a general decline in fertility and regional convergence within each country. Underneath this general movement, a diversity of trajectories remains. Based on the fertility transition discussed by J. Bongaarts[2003], differences in behaviour according to education level are highlighted during the transition. A more detailed exploration of the case of Turkey sheds light on the spatial dimension of the differential fertility decline. A more detailed exploration of the case of Turkey sheds light on the spatial dimension of the differential fertility decline. In addition, the convergence of fertility towards low levels leads to homogenization, which does not necessarily mean that differences between territories and education groups have completely disappeared.